Languages are like living organisms, constantly evolving and adapting to their environments. In the case of Spanish, one of the world’s most widely spoken languages, its evolution has been greatly influenced by historical events and cultural exchanges. Among the most significant influences is the Arabic language, which left an indelible mark on the Spanish language and culture.
The story of Arabic in Spain begins in the early 8th century when the Moors, led by Tariq ibn Ziyad, crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and conquered the Iberian Peninsula. For nearly eight centuries, much of Spain was under Muslim rule, and during this time, the Arabic language played a central role in shaping the linguistic landscape of the region.
One of the most enduring legacies of Arabic is in the Spanish vocabulary, with over 4,000 words having Arabic origins. These words span various domains, from science and mathematics to food and architecture. For example, words like “aceite” (oil), “albóndiga” (meatball), and “cifra” (numeral) all have their roots in Arabic.
In addition to vocabulary, Arabic influence extended to phonetics, phonology, and grammar. The pronunciation of certain sounds and the phonetic patterns found in Spanish have been shaped by its presence. Moreover, the structure of Spanish verbs and the use of the subjunctive mood all show traces of Arabic. Indeed, the translation of Arabic texts into Spanish introduced European scholars to the knowledge of the Arab world, helping to spark the Renaissance and the flourishing of Spanish culture. One of the most renowned works of influence in Spain is “El Cantar de Mio Cid,” an epic poem that combines both Arabic and Christian influences. This literary masterpiece reflects the rich tapestry of linguistic and cultural interactions that characterised the Spanish landscape during the period.
The Reconquista, a centuries-long campaign to reclaim the Iberian Peninsula, marked the eventual end of Muslim rule in Spain. However, while it led to the expulsion of Moors and Jews, the Arabic influence on Spanish language and culture persisted. The multicultural history of Spain, with its coexistence of Christians, Muslims, and Jews, remains an integral part of Spanish identity.
Today, the Arabic influence on Spanish is celebrated and cherished. It is a testament to the enduring legacy of cultural exchange and the ways in which languages can evolve through centuries of interaction. The linguistic journey of Arabic in Spain is a reminder of the complex tapestry of human history and the role that language plays in bridging cultures and preserving the memories of the past.
Perfectionism is not, in and of itself, a negative trait. Perfectionists are often conscientious high achievers; our greatest weakness is also our greatest strength. But those trying to be constantly perfect can find that every task feels like an unconquerable burden and every essay a path to failure, however unlikely our friends and family might find our doom-laden predictions. Here are three thoughts to use to beat the unrealistic idealism that may currently be beating you.
What is perfect, anyway? Maybe you could decide. Perhaps perfection could simply mean sitting down at your messy desk, ignoring the clothes on the floor, and spending 10 minutes planning the first half of your essay. In this deeply imperfect and challenging world, if you were to be reasonable with yourself, your definition of perfect should, and could, be different. Redefine perfection: make it doable and make it your own.
A to-do list is a depressing sight, if, at every item, we are telling ourselves that we ‘have to’ or ‘must’ do this or that. But turn ‘have to’ into ‘get to’ and suddenly life seems more joyful. Perhaps it is an irritating piece of advice, an unwelcome call to simply have more gratitude, but studying is essentially an overwhelmingly positive thing. You are learning and growing, and you have access to great materials and educated teachers; you are lucky. And so, even if it feels at first like you are lying to yourself, tell yourself, next time you inspect your to-do list: “I get to plan my essay today”.
We will do it, but we are waiting for the perfect time when we are in the mood. Because we know we can do it well, and not just well but REALLY well. And so that is the aim. This isn’t laziness, for the fear is real: we cannot bear to submit anything less than our best; we cannot tolerate failure; and we want to be proud of what we have achieved. We have visualised (or we think we have) the perfect essay or assignment. But the truth is that you have a deadline. Perhaps you could achieve perfection if you had eternity to complete it. But you don’t. Most tasks have a timeline, whether it is 6 years to complete a part-time PhD, or one night to finish an essay. And the test is not what you can achieve, but what you can achieve in the time you have to complete it. The definition of perfect might simply be this: finished.
Language is not merely a tool for communication; it is a gateway to understanding cultures, broadening perspectives, and, as recent research has shown, rewiring the very structure of the brain. The art of multilingualism encompasses the incredible cognitive benefits that come with learning multiple languages. From enhancing memory and problem-solving skills to fostering empathy and cultural sensitivity, the pursuit of language fluency offers a transformative experience that goes far beyond words.
Scientific studies have revealed that learning languages has a profound impact on the brain. Bilingual and multilingual individuals exhibit increased gray matter density in certain areas, particularly those associated with language processing and executive function. This structural enhancement enables the brain to become more efficient at tasks such as attention control, cognitive flexibility, and conflict resolution. The brain’s ability to switch between languages and inhibit interference strengthens cognitive abilities, leading to improved problem-solving skills and creative thinking.
Moreover, learning languages has been linked to improved memory and information retention. The process of acquiring and recalling vocabulary and grammar structures exercises the brain’s memory systems, resulting in enhanced memory function. Bilingual individuals often demonstrate better working memory, which enables them to juggle multiple tasks and mentally manipulate information more effectively. This cognitive advantage extends beyond language-related activities, benefiting various aspects of life, such as academic performance and professional success.
The art of multilingualism goes beyond cognitive benefits; it fosters cultural empathy and intercultural understanding. Language is intertwined with culture, and by learning a new language, individuals gain insights into different ways of thinking, beliefs, and traditions. Language learning provides a bridge to connect with people from diverse backgrounds, promoting empathy and creating opportunities for meaningful connections. Multilingualism encourages individuals to see the world from multiple perspectives, challenging preconceptions and promoting a more inclusive and global mindset.
Furthermore, the journey of learning languages enhances metalinguistic awareness—the ability to think about and reflect on language itself. As learners grapple with grammatical structures, vocabulary nuances, and idiomatic expressions, they develop a deep understanding of the inner workings of languages. This metalinguistic awareness sharpens analytical skills and nurtures a love for linguistics, inspiring a lifelong pursuit of language mastery. In today’s interconnected world, the benefits of multilingualism extend to personal and professional opportunities.
Language proficiency opens doors to new cultures, travel experiences, and career prospects. Global businesses seek individuals who can communicate and negotiate across language barriers, and diplomats and international organisations rely on multilingual professionals to bridge gaps and foster collaboration. Learning languages has become an invaluable skill in an increasingly globalised society. The art of multilingualism is a lifelong journey that challenges, enriches, and transforms individuals.
As we embark on the path of learning languages, we not only acquire a new means of communication but also reshape the very structure of our brains. The cognitive benefits, cultural understanding, and personal growth that come with multilingualism make it an art form worth pursuing. So, whether you’re exploring your ancestral language, immersing yourself in a new culture, or expanding your linguistic repertoire, embrace the art of multilingualism and unlock the incredible potential that lies within your brain.
Languages are not merely a means of communication; They harbour a repository of culture, identity, and collective memory. Sadly, many languages are on the brink of extinction, threatened by globalisation, cultural assimilation, and the dominance of major languages. The loss of these languages represents a loss of invaluable knowledge, unique worldviews, and profound connections to the past. In this article, we will explore some of the world’s most endangered languages and shed light on the efforts to preserve and revitalize them.
One example of an endangered language is Ainu, spoken by the indigenous Ainu people of Japan. With fewer than 10 fluent speakers remaining, Ainu is classified as critically endangered. Efforts are being made to revitalise the language through cultural programmes, schools and increased recognition of Ainu cultural heritage. The goal is to ensure that future generations can access and embrace their linguistic and cultural heritage.
Another endangered language is Manx, spoken on the Isle of Man. Manx was once the primary language of the island but faced a decline during the 20th century. Through dedicated efforts, including language classes, community initiatives, and the production of literature and media in Manx, there has been a resurgence of interest in the language. The revitalisation movement has led to increased speakers and a renewed sense of cultural pride.
In South America, the Guarani language faces significant threats. Guarani is spoken by indigenous communities in Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina. However, despite its importance as a cultural and national language in Paraguay, it is becoming increasingly marginalised. As with Ainu and Manx, efforts are being made to preserve Guarani through education and community initiatives as well as the integration of the language into official institutions and media.
The Celtic languages, such as Cornish, Breton, and Scottish Gaelic, are also endangered. These languages were once widely spoken in their respective regions but experienced a decline due to political, cultural, and social pressures. However, revitalisation efforts have been successful in some areas. For instance, Scottish Gaelic has experienced a resurgence, with increased government support, bilingual education and community work.
The preservation of endangered languages is crucial because they carry unique knowledge systems, cultural expressions, and ways of perceiving the world. When a language disappears, a wealth of wisdom, folklore, and local knowledge is lost forever. Aforementioned attempts to preserve endangered languages range from documentation and archiving to a focus on teaching the language to younger generations and integrating it into everyday life.
Technology has also played a significant role in language preservation. Digital tools, online resources, and language learning apps provide opportunities for wider access to endangered languages and facilitate their learning and practice. Furthermore, raising awareness about the importance of linguistic diversity and is essential. Governments, educational institutions, and communities can support language revitalisation efforts by promoting bilingual education, providing resources for language learning, and encouraging the use of endangered languages in official settings.
The loss of endangered languages represents a significant loss of cultural heritage and human knowledge. Efforts to preserve and revitalise these languages are crucial for maintaining linguistic diversity and honoring the cultural identity of communities. By supporting language revitalisation initiatives and raising awareness about the value of endangered languages, we can unlock the doors to linguistic diversity and ensure that future generations inherit a world that is enriched by it.
Translation apps have become increasingly popular in recent years as people seek quick and easy translations of foreign languages. However, while these apps have their benefits, they also come with some potential drawbacks.
One of the main advantages of such applications is their convenience. They allow users to quickly and easily translate words and phrases in a foreign language, making it easier to communicate with people who speak different languages. Additionally, many translation apps are cost-effective, with some being free or very affordable.
There are also many different types of translation apps available, each with their own features and functions, making it easy to find an app that meets one’s specific needs. Most translation apps are also designed to be user-friendly, making them easy to use even for people who are not tech-savvy.
However, there are also several potential drawbacks to using apps like these. One major issue is their potential for inaccuracy. there is always the chance an app could produce an inaccurate translation, particularly with more complex phrases and sentences. If so, it can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunications, especially in business or professional settings.
Additionally, translation apps may not always take into account the cultural nuances of the language being translated, which can lead to misunderstandings or inappropriate use of language. The lack of context in translation apps can also be problematic, as it may not always provide enough context for accurate translations. This can be particularly problematic for idiomatic expressions, where the meaning of the phrase is dependent on the context in which it is used.
Furthermore, while most translation apps have a large vocabulary, they may not always have the appropriate vocabulary for certain specialised fields, such as medicine or law. Finally, over-reliance on apps can lead to a lack of language proficiency and may limit opportunities for personal and professional growth.
In conclusion, whilst it’s true an app can be a useful tool for quick and easy translation, it is important to keep in mind their limitations and potential inaccuracies. While they offer convenience and cost-effectiveness, users must be cautious of the potential for misunderstandings due to cultural nuances, lack of context, and limited vocabulary. It is important to continue to develop language proficiency and cultural awareness, as these skills are crucial for effective communication in a globalised world. As with any technological advancement, it is important to use translation apps with discretion and in moderation.
March 11th, 2023 marks three years since the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared Covid-19 a pandemic.
The world is still grappling with a new way of living. One of the most remarkable changes is the shift in how people live and learn, thanks mainly to the increases in distance learning and remote working. In 2022, the number of students who prefer online learning had increased by 220%. And as of February 2022, 42% of people said they had adopted a hybrid working pattern – working from home most of the time and sometimes attending their usual place of work.
Distance learning occurs outside a traditional classroom setting, including e-learning and online learning. One of the most significant changes to the learning landscape is that it is now possible to access a wealth of educational content anytime and anywhere. Many distance learning platforms offer video-based classes, lectures, and e-books to supplement or replace traditional classroom learning.
Distance learning has revolutionised how people learn by offering students greater flexibility, work-life balance, and control over their education and futures. Commitments such as being a carer for a disabled or elderly adult, looking after children, or even sleep disturbances can hinder education and work. But distance-learning and remote working can help accommodate life’s difficult circumstances. Its flexibility can also be invaluable to those with physical disabilities, neurodiverse conditions, and mental health problems.
A great example of an online learning tool that might work well for those interested in learning languages is Lingoda. It operates 24/7, and is a great tool to help you learn anytime. Although it’s a paid service, if you complete a ‘sprint challenge’ (30 lessons in 2 months) you’ll receive 50% cash back. If you complete a super-sprint challenge (60 lessons in two months) you’ll get 100% cashback. Now that’s some serious motivation!
The pandemic and evolving technologies
One of the most significant technological developments has been the growth of cloud computing. Cloud computing refers to how an organisation or person’s information is stored, allowing remote access through the internet. Everything from WhatsApp to Google Photos is an example of cloud computing.
Blackboard Learn uses cloud technologies to deliver interactive and immersive experiences for students and teachers. The cloud has also empowered organisations to store large amounts of data and video without physical storage or equipment.
Another significant advancement has been the growth of video conferencing software, such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet. These tools have provided:
An effective platform for virtual classes and meetings.
The ability of teachers and instructors to deliver lectures to students.
Teachers and students to interact in real-time, as in a physical classroom.
Despite all the positive changes in work and learning that the pandemic has encouraged, it’s not all good news.
Although working from home may provide more flexibility and convenience, it vastly differs from a traditional office environment, leaving many employees struggling with isolation, loneliness, and social interaction. Remote work often blurs the boundaries between personal and professional time, giving some workers unprecedented stress due to a never-ending workload.
The economic dislocation caused by the pandemic has also been far-reaching, resulting in millions of people losing their jobs or facing reduced wages. This has negatively impacted many households, damaging their ability to pay their bills and support themselves or their families.
Perhaps the best way to address these challenges is to integrate increased social interaction and support systems into remote work and education. Although nothing can replicate face-to-face interaction, initiatives like online book groups or social clubs, where you can have fun and engaging discussions with colleagues or fellow students outside the working environment, could be beneficial.
There’s no absolute answer to overcoming these challenges. All we can continue to do is try and find a balance that helps students and employees feel fulfilled in their work and lives.
Whatever subject you are studying or qualification you are studying for, contact with your teacher or tutor – even when remote – is an invaluable part of that process. They are usually the subject experts, have a full understanding of the assessment process and have, more often than not, supported many other students who felt exactly the same as you do now about their learning. Whether you are confident in your subject knowledge and looking for ways to stretch yourself in order to achieve the very best results or are still a little uncertain and unsure how you might secure the grade you need, your tutors can provide you with the support you require. Here are a few simple strategies every student should try in order to boost the benefits of the contact they have.
Put simply, meet their expectations! If they provide a task, complete it. If they set a deadline, meet it. If you have a meeting, be there. Programmes of study and assessment schedules are in place to meet the needs of everyone; ensuring that there is adequate time for covering all of the content, assessing progress and providing feedback. A tutor works with many students and if you don’t adhere to the plan then you are unlikely to get the time you deserve. If there is a problem with the schedule set out for you, talk to your tutor in advance so that they can make any amendment they possibly can in order to make sure that everyone’s needs are met. If a tutor sees you are committed to your learning and doing what is required they are likely to go above and beyond in the ways in which they support you.
As already mentioned, the tutor is the subject expert. They have the knowledge of the subject but also the ways it is assessed and how to ensure you can demonstrate it when required to do so. Listen to their advice. Take notes where required. Follow their suggestions. However, if there is something you are unsure about, don’t be afraid to ask! Questioning is key to developing a deeper understanding and mastery of a subject but is also a great tool in ensuring there have been no miscommunications or misunderstandings. Your tutor will respect your ability to really engage with the content you are covering together and look for ways to address your questions in more detail.
Receiving feedback is one of the most important parts of the learning journey. However, many of us find getting feedback something that is really, really hard! Instead of thinking about what is said by your tutor as being ‘good’ or ‘bad’, try to consider what you can learn from it instead. If you are given praise for a certain aspect of your work, think about what you did that made this so effective. If there are comments relating to something that hasn’t worked out so well then think about what you might do differently next time. Reflection is key to making progress. Also, apply the same thought process when it comes to your attitude to learning. If a tutor comments on this, avoid taking it personally and think of how you might use what they have said to become a more effective learner.
Don’t forget that any contact that you have with your tutor is designed to benefit YOU. If you are in need of something specific from that contact then, again, do not be afraid to ask! In reality, this involves planning and preparing for any contact you have before you have it. Make a note of any questions you have when studying independently. If you need to revisit any material with them, ask in advance. If you have found a subject area particularly easy or hard, let them know. Remember, your tutor will be looking to support you in a way that is personalised to meet your needs too, so the more effectively you’re able to communicate these, the better they will be able to do this.
“i+1” (Input Hypothesis) was originally a theory of learning developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen in the 1970s. It basically says that learning is most effective when you meet the learners’ current level and add one level of difficulty, like the next rung on a ladder. As a language teacher I always found this defined the whole process. The language of the classroom is kept just above the learners’ level, rather than hitting them with the whole dictionary straight away. But we’re talking about more than just language here, this applies to anything you decide to do.
I have started using the term in relation to motivation for literally anything. Another term, “comfort zone”, has been much overused, but it definitely applies here. With a language, if you keep on using basic parrot phrases for years, you’ll never get anywhere. You need to push out a bit, make a few mistakes, see some confused faces, get the wrong food order a couple of times – and then you get it. People who don’t like leaving that comfort zone don’t tend to learn. With motivation, as with language, people who don’t push out a bit don’t tend to succeed.
If you want to learn more about determination and the will to succeed, check out my article on Angela Duckworth’s fantastic book, Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance, here: https://www.philwestern.blog/2020/07/16/grit-do-you-have-it/
It’s really hygge in the comfort zone. If you feel like life is boring, ask yourself when the last time you were actually uncomfortable was. Without discomfort, there is no true success. The i+1 principle will get you that.
We tend to look at people doing something really well and see it as a fait accompli, or an innate gift, and not an expression of years of tireless work. Hendrix was just talented, right? Mozart was simply a genius. But what about the 8 hours of practice a day that Jimi did? And don’t believe what you saw in the film Amadeus. Putting it all down to talent takes the credit away a bit, doesn’t it? Raw talent definitely helps, but hard work wins out, every time.
So, don’t focus too much on absolute mastery of a given challenge. Rather, break it down into bitesize chunks. Look at where you are as honestly as you can, and just add 1 difficulty point. For the beginner linguist, this means not messing up the restaurant order again, for the guitarist it’s getting that B diminished barre chord nailed. Maybe for you it’s just trying the challenge you’re a little uncomfortable with (without breaking a leg, or setting yourself on fire).
Perhaps Muhammad Ali said it best: I have learned to live my life one step, one breath, and one moment at a time, but it was a long road. I set out on a journey of love, seeking truth, peace and understanding. I am still learning.
Learning a second language can bring so many benefits.
For starters, it can improve your brain function: research shows that young adults who are proficient in a second language performed better in attention and concentration tests.
It can also make you more employable, since bi-lingual job candidates can now tap into the massive pool of jobs requiring a second language both in Britain and overseas.
It can make you richer too, as experts estimate that having a second language can add between 10 and 15% to your salary. There are over 7,000 languages in the world, though, so which one should you choose to learn? Admittedly, 23 languages account for over half the world’s population but that’s still a long, unwieldy list.
What about Mandarin? Despite the fact that Mandarin is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, experts suggest demand for Mandarin is not high at the moment. It’s also very difficult to learn as a second language and so you probably won’t realise a return on you investment.
If native English speakers want to learn a second language, it’s still prudent to learn a European language that is closer to English. Spanish is now considered to be a more important language than German. This is because of recent multinational, merger activity which has introduced a large Spanish corporate presence into the UK market. Santander, Telefonica and Iberia are all Spanish multinationals who have recently bought or merged with British companies. This has created a lot of exciting opportunities for bi-lingual Spanish English speakers.
Outside of Spanish, German and Mandarin, which are the best languages to learn for your career? According to the world economic forum, the top 10 most powerful languages are:
If you want to look more into the facts and advantages of learning another language, the websites below can help.
https://www.livescience.com/46048-learning-new-language-brain.html
https://www.theguardian.com/money/2010/aug/28/learning-foreign-language-boost-career
Despite the known benefits, 75 percent of British adults can’t hold a conversation outside of English. But in today’s ever-growing global economy, learning another language may also significantly benefit you in business. Here’s how…
Learning another language helps individuals acquire streamlined thought processes, increased perception, ability to multi-task, improve English, enhance memory and even potentially delay the onset of Alzheimer’s and dementia. On a personal level, such positives alone can help maximise our work productivity and accuracy.
And though some may argue that English is the globally universal language anyway, Baroness Coussins, Chair of the all-party parliamentary group on modern languages (APPG) warns that the UK is currently losing about £50bn a year in lost business contracts due to workers’ lack of foreign language skills. The APPG is aiming to challenge this problem by offering tax break to companies investing in staff’s foreign language training.
On a human level, the capacity to liaise with clients and stakeholders in their own language denotes professional competency and helps decode nuances lost in translation. Even just a few well-considered words shows a willingness to connect which can break the ice and establish trust.
According to one Forbes article, the future could be French. Once the accepted language of the cultured, the article quotes a study by investment bank Natixis which predicts that by 2050, 750 million people from every continent will speak French and being able to speak the language could prove particularly useful to engage with Africa’s rising economy. Furthermore, it’s the official language of the UN, EU and the Olympics Committee to boot.
However, an in-depth study conducted by the British Council considered a number of indicators, including current export trade, high growth markets, tourism and diplomatic/security priorities, to gauge those languages required to best-serve the UK’s future business interests. The findings were as follows: (1-10) Spanish, Arabic, French, Mandarin Chinese, German, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Turkish and Japanese.
With so many different language options, the choice of which one to learn really comes down to your own preferences and requirements and just as importantly, your own personal enjoyment.
Sources
https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/languages-for-the-future-report.pdf
https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2014/dec/16/language-skills-great-business